Overview (Überblick) B1
▾German conjunctions fall into three distinct categories. Understanding which type you're dealing with is essential because each type has different word-order consequences. The first question to ask: does the conjunction send the verb to the end, leave it in position 2, or cause inversion?
| Type | German name | Word order effect | Key examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coordinating | Nebenordnende Konjunktionen | No change — V2 in both clauses | und, oder, aber, denn, sondern |
| Subordinating | Unterordnende Konjunktionen | Verb to end of subordinate clause | weil, dass, obwohl, wenn, als, ob |
| Conj. Adverb | Konjunktionaladverbien | Inversion when in position 1 (V2) | deshalb, trotzdem, außerdem, nämlich |
Quick contrast — all three types
Coordinating Conjunctions (Nebenordnende Konjunktionen) B1
▾Coordinating conjunctions connect two grammatically equal clauses. They cause no word order change — both clauses maintain V2. They sit between the clauses and are not counted as constituents in either clause. The critical distinction is denn vs. weil (both mean "because") and aber vs. sondern (both mean "but").
| Conjunction | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| und | and | Adds information; connects parallel elements. |
| oder | or | Presents alternatives. |
| aber | but (contrast) | General contrast; does not follow negation. Can appear in middle of clause too. |
| denn | because / for | Gives a reason — ALWAYS V2 after it (never verb-final!). More literary than weil. |
| sondern | but rather | Correction after negation — only after nicht or kein. Contradicts and replaces. |
| sowie | as well as | Formal equivalent of und for adding elements. |
| weder…noch | neither…nor | Two-part; see section 6. |
| sowohl…als auch | both…and | Two-part; see section 6. |
| entweder…oder | either…or | Two-part; see section 6. |
und / oder — addition and alternative
aber — contrast (after positive or negative)
sondern — correction after negation
Sondern is only used after a negation (nicht or kein) when correcting and replacing the negated element. It signals: "not X — instead, Y."
denn vs. weil — both mean "because"
Both express reason, but they differ in word order and register. Denn is coordinating (V2 after it); weil is subordinating (verb to end). Denn is more literary/formal and less common in everyday speech.
Subordinating Conjunctions (Unterordnende Konjunktionen) B1 B2
▾Subordinating conjunctions introduce a dependent clause and send the finite verb to the very end. The subordinate clause can come before or after the main clause; when it comes first, the main clause immediately follows with its verb in V2 position.
Complete reference table by meaning
| Meaning | Conjunction | English | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reason | weil | because | …weil er krank ist. |
| da | since / because (formal) | …da es schon spät ist. | |
| Concession | obwohl | although | …obwohl es regnet. |
| obgleich | although (formal) | …obgleich er es wusste. | |
| auch wenn | even if / even though | …auch wenn es schwer ist. | |
| Condition | wenn | if / when (pres./future) | …wenn du Zeit hast. |
| falls | in case / if | …falls es regnen sollte. | |
| sofern | provided that | …sofern du kommst. | |
| Time — once | als | when (single past event) | …als ich Kind war. |
| sobald | as soon as | …sobald er fertig ist. | |
| Time — duration | während | while | …während er schläft. |
| bevor | before | …bevor du gehst. | |
| nachdem | after | …nachdem sie gegessen hatte. | |
| bis | until | …bis er zurückkommt. | |
| Time — ongoing | seit / seitdem | since | …seit sie hier wohnt. |
| solange | as long as | …solange du hier bist. | |
| Purpose | damit | so that (diff. subjects) | …damit er es versteht. |
| um…zu | in order to (same subject) | …um früh aufzustehen. | |
| Consequence | sodass / so…dass | so that (result) | …sodass ich nicht schlafen konnte. |
| Content | dass | that | …dass er kommt. |
| ob | whether / if | …ob er kommt. | |
| Manner / Comparison | wie | how / as | …wie ich es erwartet hatte. |
| als ob | as if (+ Konjunktiv II) | …als ob er nichts wüsste. | |
| je…desto | the more…the more | Je mehr er lernt, desto besser wird er. |
Reason: weil and da
Concession: obwohl
Time conjunctions
Purpose and consequence
als ob — as if (Konjunktiv II)
je…desto — the more…the more
als vs. wenn (zeitlich) B1
▾Both als and wenn translate as "when" in English — but German keeps them strictly apart. The rule is simple but important: als for a single, unrepeated past event; wenn for everything else (repeated past events, present conditions, and future situations).
| Conjunction | Use case | Tense |
|---|---|---|
| als | One-time event in the past (unrepeated) | Präteritum or Perfekt in the clause |
| wenn | Repeated past events ("whenever") | Präteritum + immer/jedes Mal |
| wenn | Present or future conditions/events | Present or future tense |
als — one single past event
wenn — repeated past (whenever) and present/future
Contrasting pairs
Conjunctional Adverbs (Konjunktionaladverbien) B2
▾Conjunctional adverbs (also called Satzadverbien or Adverbkonjunktoren) link two independent sentences but are adverbs, not conjunctions. When placed in position 1 of the second sentence, they cause inversion (V2 order). They can also be placed in other positions without causing inversion.
Full reference table
| Adverb | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| deshalb / daher / deswegen | therefore / that's why | All three are interchangeable; daher slightly more formal. |
| trotzdem | nevertheless / despite that | Concession — despite what was just said. |
| außerdem | besides / moreover / in addition | Adds further information. |
| dennoch | nevertheless (formal) | More formal / literary variant of trotzdem. |
| allerdings | however / though / admittedly | Introduces a qualification or reservation. |
| zwar | admittedly / indeed | Always paired with aber: zwar…aber. Never starts a sentence alone. |
| hingegen / dagegen | on the other hand / by contrast | Contrasts two statements directly. |
| nämlich | namely / you see / because | NEVER in position 1. Always after the verb: Er kommt nicht, er ist nämlich krank. |
| sonst | otherwise / or else | Introduces a consequence of not doing something. |
| jedoch | however / yet (formal) | Can sit in P1 (inversion) or after the verb. |
deshalb / daher / deswegen — therefore
trotzdem — nevertheless
nämlich — NEVER in position 1
Nämlich means "namely" or "you see" and always comes after the verb (usually in the third position). It can never start a sentence.
außerdem / allerdings / hingegen
Two-Part Conjunctions (Zweiteilige Konjunktionen) B2
▾Two-part (correlative) conjunctions come in pairs — the first part sets up an expectation, the second part completes it. Most are coordinating (V2 in both clauses). The exception is je…desto which has verb-final in the je-clause.
| Pair | Meaning | Type |
|---|---|---|
| nicht nur … sondern auch | not only … but also | Coordinating |
| weder … noch | neither … nor | Coordinating |
| sowohl … als auch | both … and | Coordinating |
| entweder … oder | either … or | Coordinating |
| zwar … aber | admittedly … but | Coordinating |
| je … desto / umso | the more … the more | Subordinating |