Overview — Aktiv und Passiv
▾German has two distinct passive constructions. The Vorgangspassiv (process passive) describes an action being performed; the Zustandspassiv (stative passive) describes the resulting state. Choosing between them is crucial — they are not interchangeable.
| Type | Formula | Focus | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vorgangspassiv | werden + Partizip II | The action/process itself | Das Fenster wird geschlossen. (The window is being closed.) |
| Zustandspassiv | sein + Partizip II | The resulting state | Das Fenster ist geschlossen. (The window is closed — already.) |
Active → Passive transformation rule
The Akkusativ object of the active sentence becomes the Nominativ subject of the passive sentence. The original subject either disappears or is expressed with von + Dativ.
Vorgangspassiv — Process Passive B1
▾The Vorgangspassiv uses werden conjugated in the appropriate tense plus the Partizip II. Here is the full tense table using reparieren (to repair).
| Tense | Formula | Example — reparieren | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Präsens | wird + Ptz.II | Das Auto wird repariert. | The car is being repaired. |
| Präteritum | wurde + Ptz.II | Das Auto wurde repariert. | The car was repaired. |
| Perfekt | ist + Ptz.II + worden | Das Auto ist repariert worden. | The car has been repaired. |
| Plusquamperf. | war + Ptz.II + worden | Das Auto war repariert worden. | The car had been repaired. |
| Futur I | wird + Ptz.II + werden | Das Auto wird repariert werden. | The car will be repaired. |
| Konjunktiv II | würde + Ptz.II + werden | Das Auto würde repariert werden. | The car would be repaired. |
Example sentences across all tenses
von / durch / mit — Expressing the Agent B1B2
▾When you want to express who or what performs the action in a passive sentence, use one of three prepositions depending on the role of the agent.
| Preposition | Case | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| von | Dativ | The agent — the person or entity that performs the action | Das Buch wurde von Goethe geschrieben. |
| durch | Akkusativ | The cause or means — how it happened (not a deliberate agent) | Das Fenster wurde durch den Sturm zerbrochen. |
| mit | Dativ | The instrument or tool used to perform the action | Das Brot wird mit einem Messer geschnitten. |
Example sentences distinguishing all three
Zustandspassiv — Stative Passive B1B2
▾The Zustandspassiv uses sein + Partizip II to describe the resulting state of a completed action. It answers the question "what is the current condition?" — not "what is happening?"
Tense table — Zustandspassiv
| Tense | Formula | Example — schließen | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Präsens | ist + Ptz.II | Das Fenster ist geschlossen. | The window is closed. |
| Präteritum | war + Ptz.II | Das Fenster war geschlossen. | The window was closed. |
| Futur I | wird + sein + Ptz.II | Das Fenster wird geschlossen sein. | The window will be closed. |
Contrast table — Vorgangspassiv vs. Zustandspassiv
Modal + Passive — Modalverben im Passiv B1B2
▾Modal verbs combine with the passive to express obligation, permission, possibility, and intention. The modal is conjugated; the Partizip II and werden infinitive follow at the end of the clause.
Example sentences — all 6 modals
Impersonal Passive — Unpersönliches Passiv B2
▾Intransitive verbs (those without a direct object) can form an impersonal passive. There is no grammatical subject — the verb is always 3rd person singular. A dummy es may appear in position 1 but disappears when another element takes that slot.
Example sentences
Passive Alternatives — Passiversatz B1B2
▾German offers several structures that express passive meaning without using the passive voice itself. Recognising and producing these alternatives is a key B2 skill.
1. man (impersonal pronoun)
2. lassen + sich + Infinitiv
3. sein + zu + Infinitiv
4. bekommen-Passiv (recipient passive)
5. -bar suffix adjectives
• man — general agent, everyday speech
• lassen + sich + Inf. — possibility/ability (≈ kann + Passiv)
• sein + zu + Inf. — obligation/necessity (≈ muss/kann + Passiv)
• bekommen + Ptz.II — recipient of an action
• -bar adjective — capacity/possibility (≈ kann + Passiv)